《数码摄影坊——摄影技巧巧掌握》 - 清华大学出版社第五事业部

第 1 章数码摄影基础
　　第 2 章人像摄影技巧
　　目录Contents
　　1.1 快门 ········································02
　　1.1.1 快门速度的定义 ································ 02
　　1.1.2 1/1s：三脚架上的慢速快门拍摄 ········· 02
　　1.1.3 1/30s：手持相机拍摄 ························ 02
　　1.1.4 1/1000s：高速运动画面拍摄 ············· 02
　　1.1.5 使用照片连拍功能 ····························· 04
　　1.1.6 B门 ·················································· 05
　　1.2 光圈 ·····································05
　　1.2.1 光圈的定义 ······································· 05
　　1.2.2 利用光圈让背景模糊的方法 ··············· 06
　　1.2.3 人物和旅行摄影 ································ 06
　　1.2.4 建筑和室内摄影 ································ 07
　　1.2.5 适合静物和产品摄影所需的光圈 ········ 10
　　1.3 景深 ········································11
　　1.3.1 景深的定义 ······································· 11
　　1.3.2 前景深和后景深 ································ 12
　　1.3.3 浅景深 ·············································· 13
　　1.3.4 改变焦距控制景深 ····························· 13
　　1.3.5 改变拍摄距离控制景深 ······················ 14
　　1.4 内置闪光灯 ······························14
　　1.4.1 常见的闪光灯模式 ····························· 14
　　1.4.2 柔化闪光效果 ··································· 14
　　1.4.3 阳光下闪掉阴影 ································ 15
　　1.5 白平衡 ·····································15
　　1.5.1 白平衡的定义 ··································· 15
　　1.5.2 自动白平衡 ······································· 16
　　1.5.3 手动白平衡 ······································· 16
　　1.5.4 其他白平衡模式 ································ 16
　　1.5.5 正确应用白平衡 ································ 17
　　1.6 测光 ········································18
　　2.1 人像通用 ·································30
　　2.1.1 指导拍摄对象做准备 ························· 30
　　2.1.2 合理分配照片中的元素 ······················ 30
　　2.1.3 少即是多 ·········································· 31
　　2.1.4 逆光下的拍摄 ··································· 32
　　2.1.5 照片中的动态效果 ····························· 33
　　2.1.6 特定的广角 ······································· 34
　　2.1.7 寻找被摄对象美的一面　··················· 35
　　2.1.8 请反光板帮忙 ··································· 36
　　2.1.9 对焦要对准人物的眼睛 ······················ 37
　　2.1.10 框架式构图 ····································· 38
　　2.1.11 开放式构图 ····································· 39
　　1.6.1 关于测光 ·········································· 18
　　1.6.2 常见的测光模式 ································ 18
　　1.6.3 测光方式的正确使用 ························· 19
　　1.7 感光度 ·····································21
　　1.7.1 感光度的定义 ··································· 21
　　1.7.2 胶片感光度和数码相机感光度 ··········· 21
　　1.7.3 不同感光度的成像特点 ······················ 22
　　1.7.4 高感光度提高快门速度 ······················ 23
　　1.7.5 不用自动感光度 ································ 24
　　1.8 曝光补偿 ·································25
　　1.8.1 曝光补偿与快门速度 ························· 25
　　1.8.2 拍摄雪景，只加不减 ························· 26
　　1.8.3 特殊颜色，白加黑减 ························· 27
　　1.9 直方图 ·····································27
　　1.9.1 直方图的作用　 ································ 27
　　1.9.2 怎样应用直方图 ································ 27
　　2.1.12 斜线构图使人物更具动感 ················· 40
　　2.1.13 三角构图更有稳定性 ······················· 40
　　2.1.14 黄金分割构图使画面更均衡 ············· 42
　　2.1.15 横竖构图的选择 ······························ 43
　　2.2 室内人像 ·································45
　　2.2.1 音乐会上的照片 ································ 45
　　2.2.2 精简的光线设置 ································ 47
　　2.2.3 室内人像的白平衡 ····························· 48
　　2.2.4 体现情绪的照片 ································ 49
　　2.2.5 正确使用混合光线 ····························· 49
　　2.2.6 不同寻常的视角 ································ 50
　　2.2.7 室内高调人像 ··································· 51
　　2.2.8 室内低调人像 ··································· 52
　　2.2.9 室内背景的选择 ································ 53
　　2.2.10 道具的应用 ····································· 55
　　2.2.11 避免环境色对人物肤色的影响 ·········· 56
　　2.2.12 展示女性的性感与魅力 ···················· 57
　　2.2.13 窗户光 ············································ 58
　　2.2.14 时尚照片的拍摄 ······························ 59
　　2.3 儿童人像 ·································60
　　2.3.1 取景时留出余量 ································ 60
　　2.3.2 避免难看的阴影 ································ 61
　　2.3.3 抓拍好动的孩子 ································ 62
　　2.3.4 把镜头对准孩子的脸 ························· 63
　　2.3.5 理想的照片背景 ································ 63
　　2.3.6 用孩子的眼睛看世界 ························· 64
　　2.3.7 拍摄一群孩子 ··································· 65
　　2.3.8 斜角倾斜拍摄更具动感 ······················ 66
　　2.3.9 悄悄地拍摄 ······································· 67
　　2.4 旅游人像 ·································68
　　2.4.1 选景 ················································· 68
　　2.4.2 旅游拍摄的注意事项 ························· 68
　　2.5 街头人像 ·······························70
　　2.5.1 拍摄地点的选择 ································ 70
　　2.5.2 拍摄角度的选择 ································ 70
　　2.6 人物面部特写 ························73
　　2.6.1 特写的目的 ······································· 73
　　2.6.2 特写构图 ·········································· 73
　　2.7 夜景人像 ·································75
　　2.7.1 夜景人像环境的选择 ························· 76
　　2.7.2 夜景人像注意事项 ····························· 76
　　2.7.3 使用慢闪光同步保留背景··················· 78
　　2.8 聚会人像 ·································79
　　2.8.1 多用广角 ·········································· 79
　　2.8.2 别忘了必须要拍的照片 ······················ 80
　　2.8.3 使用简单的背景 ································ 81
　　2.8.4 抓拍照片 ·········································· 82
　　2.9 会议人像 ···························83
　　2.9.1 手动调节曝光设置 ····························· 83
　　2.9.2 会议中的景别 ··································· 84
　　2.10 集体人像 ·······························85
　　2.10.1 主题的确立 ····································· 85
　　2.10.2 集体人像服装的选择 ······················· 87
　　2.10.3 光线的布置和选择 ··························· 88
　　第 3 章风光摄影技巧
　　3.1 风光通用 ·································90
　　3.1.1 拍风光时的景深预测 ························· 90
　　3.1.2 利用感光宽容度来拍好风光片 ············ 91
　　3.1.3 怎样拍好云彩 ··································· 91
　　3.1.4 风光摄影中最重要的滤镜——偏振镜 ···· 93
　　3.1.5 用好渐变灰镜 ··································· 95
　　3.1.6 逆光下的风光摄影技巧 ······················ 96
　　3.1.7 简洁背景有办法 ································ 97
　　3.1.8 高调拍风光 ······································· 98
　　3.1.9 低调拍风光 ······································· 99
　　3.1.10 虚实并用拍溪瀑 ···························· 100
　　3.1.11 选择拍摄季节时间 ························· 101
　　3.1.12 选择光线角度································ 102
　　3.1.13 巧用画面中的线条构图 ·················· 104
　　3.1.14 大景观中的“小景” ····················· 106
　　3.1.15 巧用对比拍风光 ···························· 107
　　3.1.16 雅丹地貌 ······································ 111
　　3.1.17 湖光山色 ······································ 112
　　3.1.18 横构图显示山的连绵起伏 ··············· 113
　　3.1.19 竖构图显示山的奇松险峰 ··············· 114
　　3.1.20 如何表现山的气势磅礴 ·················· 116
　　3.1.21 低角度表现前景细节 ····················· 117
　　3.1.22 白桦林的拍摄································ 118
　　3.1.23 森林的无穷魅力 ···························· 119
　　3.1.24 高角度拍摄村落 ···························· 120
　　3.1.25 田园的拍摄 ··································· 121
　　3.2 度假风景 ·······························122
　　3.2.1 细节流露情趣 ································· 122
　　3.2.2 表现当地特色的标志性照片 ············· 123
　　3.2.3 选择合适时间 ································· 123
　　3.2.4 全景照片 ········································ 124
　　3.2.5 人文风光的拍摄 ······························ 124
　　3.3 落日 ······································125
　　3.3.1 前景的选择 ····································· 125
　　3.3.2 云彩的运用 ····································· 126
　　3.3.3 巧用色温增强落日气氛 ···················· 127
　　3.3.4 对称构图 ········································ 128
　　3.3.5 利用逆光构图 ································· 128
　　3.3.6 利用倒影拍日落 ······························ 129
　　3.4 秋色 ······································130
　　3.4.1 保证清晰度 ····································· 130
　　3.4.2 细致的观察加上创意的构图 ············· 131
　　3.4.3 秋荷残落韵犹存 ······························ 131
　　3.5 水景雾景的拍摄 ·····················132
　　3.5.1 水的拍摄技巧 ································· 132
　　3.5.2 拍摄流动的水 ································· 133
　　3.5.3 雾景的拍摄技巧 ······························ 133
　　3.5.4 水景摄影中可以纳入人物
　　来表现画面 ····································· 135
　　3.5.5 充分利用映衬在水中的景物 ············· 137
　　3.5.6 瀑布的拍摄 ····································· 137
　　3.6 冰雪 ······································139
　　3.6.1 注意背景的选择 ······························ 139
　　3.6.2 拍摄冰雪的时间 ······························ 140
　　3.6.3 让雪的颜色更白、更纯粹················· 142
　　3.6.4 一些有趣的冰雪小景 ······················· 142
　　3.6.5 寒冷天气下器材的保护 ···················· 144
　　第 4 章夜景摄影技巧
　　4.1 夜景通用 ·······························146
　　4.1.1 让夜景照片更清晰 ··························· 146
　　4.1.2 光圈的应用 ····································· 146
　　4.1.3 噪点问题 ········································ 148
　　4.1.4 关于夜间测光 ································· 149
　　4.1.5 夜景对焦 ········································ 150
　　4.1.6 更高的拍摄地点 ······························ 151
　　4.1.7 关于场景的选择 ······························ 152
　　4.1.8 夜景的曝光控制 ······························ 153
　　4.2 夜景的特殊效果 ·····················154
　　4.2.1 关于星芒的效果 ······························ 154
　　4.2.2 抓拍动态虚影 ································· 155
　　4.2.3 拍焰火手动设置更好 ······················· 156
　　4.2.4 光绘效果 ········································ 156
　　4.3 月亮的拍摄 ····························158
　　4.3.1 对月亮曝光的掌握 ··························· 158
　　4.3.2 月亮大小的控制 ······························ 159
　　4.3.3 二次曝光拍月亮 ······························ 160

5.1 野生动物 ·······························162
　　5.1.1 拍摄地点选择 ································· 162
　　5.1.2 鲜明的对比：通过光与色
　　获得情趣 ········································ 165
　　5.1.3 如何跟踪动物 ································· 166
　　5.1.4 选择有用的附件 ······························ 167
　　5.1.5 努力拍出动物的行为 ······················· 168
　　5.1.6 飞翔的时刻 ····································· 168
　　5.1.7 动物种群的表现 ······························ 170
　　5.1.8 主次分明有所取舍 ··························· 171
　　5.1.9 选取独特的拍摄视角 ······················· 172
　　5.2 宠物 ······································172
　　5.2.1 做好准备工作 ································· 173
　　5.2.2 速度是关键 ····································· 174
　　5.2.3 大变焦与低噪声 ······························ 174
　　5.2.4 选择合适的时机 ······························ 175
　　5.2.5 局部拍摄 ········································ 178
　　5.2.6 拍摄奔跑中的狗 ······························ 179
　　5.2.7 选用S档拍猫　 ······························· 180
　　5.2.8 宠物照片的构图 ······························ 182
　　5.2.9 捕捉宠物的神态表情 ······················· 184
　　5.2.10 质感的表现 ··································· 185
　　5.2.11 尽量保持和狗狗等高的视线 ··········· 186
　　5.2.12 可爱的小型狗································ 187
　　5.2.13 美丽的时尚狗································ 189
　　5.3 昆虫 ······································190
　　5.3.1 选择拍摄时间 ································· 190
　　5.3.2 选择拍摄地点 ································· 190
　　5.3.3 选题 ··············································· 192
　　5.3.4 仔细寻找 ········································ 193
　　5.3.5 自然光拍摄 ····································· 193
　　5.3.6 闪光灯拍摄 ····································· 194
　　5.3.7 如何接近昆虫 ································· 195
　　5.3.8 蜻蜓的拍摄 ····································· 196
　　5.3.9 蝴蝶的拍摄 ····································· 197
　　5.4 花卉 ······································199
　　5.4.1 主体要明确 ····································· 199
　　5.4.2 光线要恰当 ····································· 201
　　5.4.3 构图要合理 ····································· 202
　　5.4.4 别浪费了大光圈 ······························ 203

5.4.5 模拟雨天 ········································ 203
　　5.4.6 风的影响 ········································ 204
　　5.4.7 使用微距镜头拍摄 ··························· 205
　　5.4.8 前后虚实拍出意境 ··························· 206
　　5.4.9 花的选择 ········································ 207
　　5.4.10 拍摄花田 ······································ 208
　　5.4.11 植物园花卉的拍摄 ························· 209
　　5.4.12 不同镜头的表现形式 ····················· 210
　　5.4.13 逆光拍摄 ······································ 212
　　5.4.14 使用特殊构图拍摄特殊性效果 ········ 213
　　5.4.15 素雅是荷花的真谛 ························· 214
　　5.4.16 利用其他的道具拍荷花 ·················· 215
　　5.4.17 大珠小珠落玉盘 ···························· 216
　　5.4.18 淡妆浓抹总相宜 ···························· 217
　　5.4.19 在室内拍摄 ··································· 218

第 6 章运动摄影技巧
　　6.1 运动通用 ·······························222
　　6.1.1 选择正确的曝光时间和曝光方式 ······· 222
　　6.1.2 使用“运动”模式 ··························· 223
　　6.1.3 追踪拍摄 ········································ 224
　　6.1.4 以情动人 ········································ 224
　　6.1.5 完美的位置和快速反应 ···················· 225
　　6.1.6 光影：不可缺少的元素 ···················· 226
　　6.2 体育运动 ·······························226
　　6.2.1 体育摄影的纪实性与艺术性 ············· 227
　　6.2.2 预先对焦 ········································ 228
　　6.2.3 足球比赛拍摄 ································· 229
　　6.2.4 篮球比赛拍摄 ································· 232
　　6.2.5 水上体育运动 ································· 234
　　第 7 章美食拍摄技巧
　　7.1 美食通用 ·······························238
　　7.1.1 美食摄影的构图 ······························ 238
　　7.1.2 光线 ··············································· 239
　　7.1.3 白平衡的调节　 ······························ 240
　　7.1.4 设计出的美食 ································· 241
　　7.1.5 精心的布景 ····································· 242
　　7.1.6 拍出时尚烹饪的感觉 ······················· 243
　　7.2 器材的问题 ····························244